Abstract
The formation of metal-rich phases during the fossilization of vertebrate fossil teeth, recovered from various deposition environments in northern Greece, is studied by means of synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) as well as Fe and Mn K edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. XRF line-scans from the samples' cross-sections revealed different contamination paths for Mn and Fe. The two-dimensional XRF maps illustrate the spatial distribution of P, Ca, Mn and Fe as well as the precipitation of Fe-rich phases in cementum, dentin and dentinal tubules. Goethite, lepidocrocite and ferrihydrite were detected in the samples' cross-section by means of Fe K edge EXAFS spectroscopy. Moreover the Fe and Mn K edge EXAFS revealed the presence of vivianite and birnessite (MnO2) on the external surface of two samples.
Highlights
The study of fossil teeth composition and chemical alterations is of great importance for palaeoenvironment reconstruction and identification of the fossilization conditions but for conservation and restoration purposes as well
The spatial distribution, contamination profiles and bonding environment of elements in fossil teeth and tusk excavated at sites in Northern Greece (Milia, Xerias, Almopia Speleopark) were studied by means of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and XRF linear and 2D mapping
Extensive microbial borings were detected by means of reflected light optical microscopy in the Sus arvernensis tooth while various Fe and Mn contaminant phases were identified in both Milia samples
Summary
The study of fossil teeth composition and chemical alterations is of great importance for palaeoenvironment reconstruction and identification of the fossilization conditions but for conservation and restoration purposes as well. Mammal teeth consist typically of a crown composed of dentin covered by an enamel layer and a cementum layer which coats the tooth pulp. Amelogenin proteins comprise the main organic component of enamel while dentin and cement comprise of type I collagen [1,2]. The structure of the occlusal surface in the cheek teeth of hypsodont animals such as the Hipparion, is more complex. Enamel in the Hipparion molar and pre-molar teeth forms several folds in the coronal dentin, named infundibula, which result in the formation of enamel ridges elevated from the occlusal surface. The inorganic phases of enamel, dentin and cementum are preserved during fossilization, porosity and degradation of the organic content contribute to the chemical alterations of the tooth induced by diagenetic processes.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
