Abstract
Oral biofilms attach onto both teeth surfaces and dental material surfaces in oral cavities. In the meantime, oral biofilms are not only the pathogenesis of dental caries and periodontitis, but also secondary caries and peri-implantitis, which would lead to the failure of clinical treatments. The material surfaces exposed to oral conditions can influence pellicle coating, initial bacterial adhesion, and biofilm formation, due to their specific physical and chemical characteristics. To define the effect of physical and chemical characteristics of dental prosthesis and restorative material on oral biofilms, we discuss resin-based composites, glass ionomer cements, amalgams, dental alloys, ceramic, and dental implant material surface properties. In conclusion, each particular chemical composition (organic matrix, inorganic filler, fluoride, and various metallic ions) can enhance or inhibit biofilm formation. Irregular topography and rough surfaces provide favorable interface for bacterial colonization, protecting bacteria against shear forces during their initial reversible binding and biofilm formation. Moreover, the surface free energy, hydrophobicity, and surface-coating techniques, also have a significant influence on oral biofilms. However, controversies still exist in the current research for the different methods and models applied. In addition, more in situ studies are needed to clarify the role and mechanism of each surface parameter on oral biofilm development.
Highlights
From the widely applied dental amalgams [1] to esthetic resin-based composites [2,3] and ion-release glass ionomer cements [4], direct restorative materials are generally used to reconstruct the tooth when its structure is compromised by trauma or dental caries
Same as Zhao’s result, in the 3-species biofilm (Streptococcus sanguinis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis), the analysis showed that there were no significant differences between titanium and zirconia in terms of total biofilm mass and metabolism
The result suggested that surface roughness or surface hydrophilicity might be important factors for biofilm formation, and material composition—metals compared to ceramics—suggesting a reduced disposition for peri-implant plaque and subsequent potential peri-implant infections on zirconia compared to titanium implant surfaces [32,120]
Summary
From the widely applied dental amalgams [1] to esthetic resin-based composites [2,3] and ion-release glass ionomer cements [4], direct restorative materials are generally used to reconstruct the tooth when its structure is compromised by trauma or dental caries. Indirect crown restorations and dental implants have been applied to tooth and dentition defect restorations for decades [5,6] These restorative materials had significant evolvement in the past few decades, the failure rates of restorations are still problems to the dentists and investigators. Components in materials will be biodegraded by the dental plaque, which will probably compromise the marginal integrity and induce the development and progression of secondary caries and peri-implantitis [12,16,17,18]. The physical and chemical characteristics of dental prosthesis and restorative materials can influence pellicle coating, initial bacterial adhesion, and biofilm formation. In this review, we discuss the effects of physical and chemical characteristics of different dental prosthesis and restorative material surfaces on oral biofilms
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