Influence of deficient α1-anti-trypsin phenotypes on clinical characteristics and severity of asthma in adults

Abstract

Severe α1-anti-trypsin (AAT) deficiency implies a high risk of pulmonary emphysema development. The possible relationship between partial deficiencies of this enzyme and bronchial asthma remains controversial. The objective of this study was to ascertain the distribution of AAT phenotypes in a non-selected asthmatic patient population. A cross-sectional study on a sample of 111 patients with asthma was carried out. Demographic and clinical variables were collected with serum IgE concentrations, plasma eosinophil number and serum AAT concentrations determined, together with the Pi phenotype. Asthma was mild in 36 (32·4%) patients, moderate in 45 (40·5%) and severe in 30 (27%). No differences were observed in eosinophil count or serum IgE or AAT concentrations among patients with different degrees of severity. Twenty-two (19·8%) asthmatics with deficient phenotypes for AAT were identified, distributed equally in all severity stages of the disease. No significant differences were found in clinical and functional characteristics, or in asthma morbidity between PiMM and PiMS patients or the heterozygote group (PiMS and PiMZ). Eosinophil count and IgE concentrations did not differ significantly between asthmatics with normal phenotype and heterozygotes. In conclusion, the distribution of AAT phenotypes in asthmatic patients did not differ from that found in the general population. Heterozygote phenotypes for the deficiency do not appear to confer greater severity or different clinical expression of asthma in adults.