Abstract
Although chickens are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, several coronavirus disease outbreaks have been described concerning poultry processing facilities in different countries. The COVID-19 pandemic and the developed strain caused 2nd, 3rd, and recent Indian strain waves of epidemics that have led to unexpected consequences, such as forced reductions in demands for some industries, transportation systems, employment, and businesses due to public confinement. Besides, poultry processing plants' conditions exacerbate the risks due to the proximity on the line, cold, and humidity. Most workers do not have access to paid sick time or adequate health care, and because of the low wages, they have limited reserves to enable them to leave steady employment. In addition, workers in meat and poultry slaughterhouses may be infected through respiratory droplets in the air and/or from touching dirty surfaces or objects such as workstations, break room tables, or tools. Egg prices have increased dramatically during the lockdown as consumers have started to change their behaviors and habits. The COVID pandemic might also substantially impact the international poultry trade over the next several months. This review will focus on the effect of COVID-19 on poultry production, environmental sustainability, and earth systems from different process points of view.
Highlights
Coronavirus infections have been associated with many diseases, such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (WHO 2019) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) has been isolated; it is responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and new strains developed that spread in European Union (EU), causing the 2nd lockdown (Alagawany et al 2021; Saghir et al 2021)
There have been rumors about the potential involvement of eggs and chicken meat in the spread f COVID19, which resulted in a dramatic drop in demand for poultry goods beginning in February 2020, just before the declaration of the lockout and culminating in the deterioration of poultry economics due to working capital erosion
Summary
Coronavirus infections have been associated with many diseases, such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (WHO 2019) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Chickens are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 (Schlottau et al 2020), several coronavirus disease outbreaks have been described concerning poultry processing facilities in different countries as Brazil, Canada, and Spain (DurandMoreau et al 2020). Physical contact with wet and contaminated objects should be considered in dealing with the virus, avoiding contact with confirmed or suspected patients, and using face protective devices (Rothan and Byrareddy 2020; Islam et al 2020) Another way to contrast the SARS-CoV-2 spread is to know the virus's mechanisms and develop appropriate therapeutic strategies. A myriad of lessons has been learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, which pays great attention to the relationship among humans, wild animals, and Environ Sci Pollut Res (2021) 28:44833–44844 Fig. 1 Types of COVID-19 virus livestock.
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