Influence of coagulation, sedimentation, and grazing by zooplankton on phytoplankton aggregate distributions in aquatic systems

Abstract

Phytoplankton growing at the surface of lakes and oceans are removed from the water column by gravitational sedimentation and/or zooplankton grazing. Both of these processes are influenced by the aggregation state of the phytoplankton, which, in turn, may be altered through particle‐particle coagulation. In this study, we present a mathematical analysis of these phenomena in an attempt to better understand the physical and biological factors that control phytoplankton concentrations in aquatic systems. During phytoplankton blooms, grazer concentrations are relatively low, the concentration of phytoplankton in the mixed layer is high, and phytoplankton production at the surface is countered by coagulation and sedimentation. In this case, dynamic scaling theory indicates that the concentration of total phytoplankton aggregates N0 and the volume fraction of phytoplankton N1 should decay as power laws of depth z: N0 ≈ z−γ and N1 ≈ z−ε. The values of the power law exponents γ and ε are determined by the physical and chemical processes responsible for coagulation and sedimentation in a given system. Under nonbloom conditions, the concentration of grazers is relatively high, the phytoplankton concentrations are relatively low, and phytoplankton generated at the surface are quickly transferred to higher‐trophic levels by grazing. In this case, N0 and N1 decay with depth in an approximately exponential fashion. These results suggest that the principle mechanism by which phytoplankton are removed from the water column in natural aquatic systems may be differentiated by the depth evolution of N0 and N1.