Influence of Cigarette Smoke Inhalation on an Autogenous Onlay Bone Graft Area in Rats with Estrogen Deficiency: A Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemistry Study.

Camilla Magnoni Moretto Nunes,Camila Lopes Ferreira,Andrea Carvalho De Marco,Mônica Fernandes Gomes,Mauro Pedrine Santamaria,Daniella Vicensotto Bernardo,Maria Aparecida Neves Jardini

doi:10.3390/ijms20081854

Camilla Magnoni Moretto Nunes, Camila Lopes Ferreira + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081854

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Abstract

Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoke inhalation on an autogenous onlay bone graft area, either covered with a collagen membrane or not, in healthy and estrogen-deficient rats through histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. Materials and Methods: Sixty female rats (Wistar), weighing 250–300 g, were randomly divided and allocated into groups (either exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation or not, ovariectomized and SHAM). After 15 days, the test group underwent cigarette smoke inhalation. Sixty days after exposition, autogenous bone grafting was only performed on all right hemimandibles, and the left ones underwent autogenous onlay bone grafting with the collagen membrane (BioGide®). The graft was harvested from the parietal bone and attached to the animals’ jaws (right and left). They were euthanized at 21, 45, and 60 days after grafting. Histological measurements and immunohistochemical analyses were performed, and results were submitted to a statistical analysis. Results: The addition of a collagen membrane to the bone graft proved more efficient in preserving graft area if compared to the graft area without a collagen membrane and the one associated with cigarette smoke inhalation at 21 (p = 0.0381) and 60 days (p = 0.0192), respectively. Cigarette smoke inhalation combined with ovariectomy promoted a significant reduction of the autogenous graft area at 21 and 60 days. At 45 days, no statistically significant results were observed. In the immunohistochemical analysis, the ovariectomized and smoking subgroups, combined or not with collagen membrane, received moderate and intense immunolabeling at 21 days for Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) (p = 0.0017 and p = 0.0381, respectively). For Osteoprotegerin (OPG), intense immunolabeling was observed in most subgroups under analysis at 60 days. Conclusion: Smoking inhalation promoted resorption on the autogenous onlay bone graft, mainly when associated with ovariectomy. Furthermore, when associated with the collagen membrane, a lower resorption rate was observed if compared to the absence of the membrane.

Highlights

A common therapeutic challenge in the daily practice of periodontics and implantodontics is bone loss, on account of being a condition that can be the result of periodontal and peri-implant diseases, trauma, anatomical or congenital factors, exodontia, and the use of total or partial dentures, which may promote a continuous reabsorption of alveolar ridges, making adequate posterior rehabilitation difficult [1].Seeking adequate aesthetic and functional rehabilitation, osseointegrated implants have emerged as a safe therapeutic approach with high success rates
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a technique that has been used in rehabilitation cases with dental implants in which there is an insufficient amount of bone area in the graft bed [8,9,10]
Given the increased demand for prosthetic rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants and reconstructive procedures, and due to the need for studies evaluating the interaction of such conditions, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoke inhalation on an autogenous onlay bone graft repair covered, or not, for the collagen membrane in the jaw of healthy and estrogen-deficient rats through histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry

Summary

Introduction

A common therapeutic challenge in the daily practice of periodontics and implantodontics is bone loss, on account of being a condition that can be the result of periodontal and peri-implant diseases, trauma, anatomical or congenital factors, exodontia, and the use of total or partial dentures, which may promote a continuous reabsorption of alveolar ridges, making adequate posterior rehabilitation difficult [1].Seeking adequate aesthetic and functional rehabilitation, osseointegrated implants have emerged as a safe therapeutic approach with high success rates. There must be a minimum amount of bone area, both in width and height [1,2]. Due to such needs, techniques for bone defect repair in the alveolar ridge have been increasingly proposed in the literature [2,3,4,5,6,7]. In order to be successful, the technique requires: A proper selection of the type of graft and its mechanical stabilization, prevention of bacterial infection, conservation of the area under the membrane, separation of osteogenic cells from non-osteogenic ones [1,11], membrane stability, peripheral sealing between the membrane and bone, and adequate blood supply [12]. The patient’s systemic factors must be taken into account, since they may interfere with the osseointegration process and compromise the treatment [13]

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