Abstract
This study presents the applicability of a three-parameters method for digital description of spoiled rapeseed odor based on the use of an electronic nose. The method consists of the use of three parameters to describe the sensor response, i.e., the maximum resistance value, the response time and the cleaning time of the active surface of the sensor. Reference chemical methods, i.e., determination of the ergosterol content and analysis of volatile compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were used to monitor qualitative changes occurring in the stored material. A 31-day profile of volatile compounds and changes in the ergosterol content was determined in the study. A total of 18 chemical groups of volatile organic compounds was identified. There was a strong positive correlation between the cleaning time and the percentage content of alcohols and alkenes, as well as ergosterol, as a marker of qualitative changes. The maximum response was another parameter that effectively described the changes occurring in the seeds. This parameter was strongly negatively correlated with esters and amides in the case of six sensors, and with ergosterol, alkenes and to a lesser degree with alcohols in the case of the other two sensors. The study results clearly demonstrated a relationship between the sensor responses and the percentage content of alcohols and alkenes, which provided novel practical information for the oilseed branch.
Highlights
Classical methods for analysis of gas substances are mainly based on the use of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), chemiluminescence techniques (CL), UV detection, Raman spectroscopy and olfactometric techniques
It is possible to improve the functions of electronic noses and acquire larger amounts of data describing an odor during a single measurement of volatile organic compounds [13]
The VOCNose analysis carried out using the electronic nose yielded the values of the response time TR, maximum response ∆R/Rmax and cleaning time TCL as a function of storage time, as in the study conducted by Paolesse et al [32]
Summary
Classical methods for analysis of gas substances are mainly based on the use of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), chemiluminescence techniques (CL), UV detection, Raman spectroscopy and olfactometric techniques. To satisfy the demand for the development of techniques for volatile organic compounds (VOC) measurements with the use of electronic noses, we have devised a three-parameter method for the generation of smellprints useful in the identification of odors, and compared it with other commonly used methods [14]. This is a important approach, since generally only one parameter, i.e., the maximum sensor response, is commonly used to describe odors. The goal of the experiments was to correlate specific chemosensitive sensor response parameters with changes in stored rapeseed measured with chemical methods, which are the “classic” methods in this type of research
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