Abstract
In the present study, the effect of calcination temperature on the structure and performance of mesoporous CaO/TiO2–ZrO2 catalyst fabricated by sol–gel method used in the esterification reaction was assessed. Then, CaO/TiO2 catalyst was also synthesized via the same method to evaluate the effect of zirconia cations on its properties and activity. The samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmittance infra-red (FT-IR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)–Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Moreover, Hammett indicator method was utilized to assess the acidity and basicity of the samples. It was found that zirconium was clearly incorporated in CaO/TiO2 lattice and transformed that from amorphous phase to crystalline structure. In addition, the basicity and acidity of CaO/TiO2 was clearly increased by zirconia loading. Evaluation of the samples’ activity presented that CaO/TiO2 catalyst exhibit no activity in the esterification reaction, while all CaO/TiO2–ZrO2 catalysts showed high ability to convert oleic acid to its ester. Moreover, the catalyst calcined at 400 °C showed the highest activity in the esterification reaction with desirable properties such as high crystallinity, acidity, basicity and surface area along with well-distribution of particle size and pore size. The best catalyst converted around 90% of oleic acid to ester at optimized conditions of 150 °C, 12:1 molar ratio of methanol/oleic acid, 3 wt% of catalyst for 4 h of reaction time. Moreover, the sample was successfully used for five runs without significant reduction in activity that makes it a suitable choice as a catalyst for industrial applications.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Energy and environmental issues push the governments to allocate a lot of research funding to search for alternative fuels
The researchers have reported that the calcination temperature largely affects the structure and catalytic properties of the resultant catalysts [26,27,28]
The nanocatalyst calcined at different temperatures (100–500 °C) was tested in the esterification reaction to evaluate the effect of calcination temperature on the activity of fabricated catalyst
Summary
Energy and environmental issues push the governments to allocate a lot of research funding to search for alternative fuels. The production of biodiesel (ester) from esterification of oleic acid as FFA using CaO/TiO2 supported/incorporated by zirconia as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst was investigated. The reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction time, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio and catalyst amount were optimized using the sample calcined at desirable temperature and the reusability was assessed.
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