Abstract
This study aimed to analyze frequencies of flavor detection signals occurring in any of the three respiratory phases and either of the two masticatory phases. Flavors of three fruity (grape, orange, and strawberry) gummy candies in the mouth were detected after chewing in 24 young healthy participants. The results revealed that: 1) more detection signals occurred in the expiratory phase than in the inspiratory or pausing phases and 2) more detection signals occurred in the jaw-closing phase than in the jaw-opening phase. Statistical analysis showed that the difference between the frequencies among the three respiratory phases was significant (P < 0.001) but not between the two masticatory phases. Further analysis showed that the frequencies occurring within individual respiratory phases were not significantly biased. The present results suggest that flavor detection during chewing depends more on the expiratory phase rather than the inspiratory and pausing phases, whereas detection is dependent to a lesser extent on either of the masticatory phases.
Highlights
There are two routes for flavor perception [1] [2]: inhalation of flavored vapors is responsible for orthonasal perception, whereas exhalation is responsible for retronasal perception
The present results suggest that flavor detection during chewing depends more on the expiratory phase rather than the inspiratory and pausing phases, whereas detection is dependent to a lesser extent on either of the masticatory phases
Many more signals occurred in the Exp phase (n = 47) than in the Insp (n = 20) and Paus phases (n = 8, Figure 2(a); χ2 test, P < 0.001), no significant differences in the average time were observed among the three respiratory phases (Figure 2(b); Kruscal-Wallis test): the averages were 1.23 sec, 1.41 sec and 0.80 sec
Summary
There are two routes for flavor perception [1] [2]: inhalation of flavored vapors is responsible for orthonasal perception, whereas exhalation is responsible for retronasal perception. The olfactory receptors are stimulated by vapors through the nostrils in the orthonasal route and through the nasopharynx in the retronasal route. During natural breathing, the inspiratory and expiratory airflows serve for the orthonasal and retronasal flavor perceptions, respectively. The airflows play two important roles (mechanical and neural) in flavor. The airflows transport flavored vapors mechanically to the olfactory receptors. The airflows provide sensory neural signals that drive and synchronize the activity of the entire olfactory system [3] [4]
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