Influence of benthic organisms on solute transport in lake sediments

Abstract

Increased inputs of nutrients into the waters of Lake Okeechobee has raised concern that the lake is becoming hypereutrophic. One aspect in understanding the overall cycling and dynamics of the nutrients in the system is the effect of benthic organisms on solute transport. Various diffusional models have been used to approximate the effect of benthic organisms on solute transport within sediments using diffusion coefficient values which represent the pooled contributions of molecular diffusion (D s ) and enhanced solute mixing due to macrobenthos activity (D i ). The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of benthic activity on solute transport by measuringD s (i.e., no benthic activity) and an apparent-dispersion or mixing coefficientD m (i.e., with benthic activity) for the four major sediment types of Lake Okeechobee, Florida using a reservoir technique. This method involved monitoring the depletion of a conservative tracer (tritiated water) from the overlying water (reservoir) resulting from transport into sediments using disturbed sediments repacked in cores (3.2 cm diam.) and undisturbed cores (3.2 to 12 cm diam.) obtained from the lake. Additional estimates ofD m andD s were also obtained by measuring tracer concentration profiles in the sediment cores at the end of a specified diffusion period. Molecular diffusion coefficients (D s ) measured forrepacked cores of sand, littoral, mud and peat sediments ranged from 0.90 to 1.29 cm2 d−1, and estimates ofD s were slightly higher in undisturbed cores without benthic organisms.D m values for undisturbed cores of mud, sand and littoral sediments having macrobenthic populations ranged from 2.09 to 24.78 cm2 d−1; values that were 1.6 to 15 times higher than those in sediments without benthic activity. Undisturbed cores of varying diameter from mud sediments had similar estimates ofD m for tritium; however, the undisturbed cores with larger diameters from littoral sediments yielded larger estimates ofD m , reflecting the heterogeneity of benthic population densities and activity. Therefore,D s estimates may not adequately represent transport processes for mud, sand and littoral sediments of Lake Okeechobee; hence careful consideration should be given to the role of benthic organisms in the overall transport of solutes across the sediment-water interface.