Abstract
According to current theory, dominance relationships may depend on asymmetries between adversaries in their expected net gain from contested resources. A prediction derived from this theory was confirmed in the field by experimentally creating asymmetries between neighbouring territorial hummingbirds with regard to their net energy gains from their territories, and then forcing them to fight for ownership of the combined resources of the two territories. When territory productivity was increased to levels well above the daily energy requirements of each contestant, energetic asymmetries no longer detectably influenced dominance, and the amounts of aggression per contest were lower. Contests in which an energetic asymmetry was partially offset by an age-related asymmetry involved more fights than contests in which opponents belonged to different age classes but controlled feeders of identical productivity. The predicted negative correlation between the magnitude of the asymmetry in net energy gain and agonistic investment in the contest did not occur.
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