Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of levofloxacin alone and with amprolium or toltrazuril were determined in broiler chickens after a single IV and oral administrations. After IV injection, levofloxacin serum concentration was best to be described by a two-compartment open model. Amprolium resulted in a significance increase in Vdss and Cltot (3.05 ± 0.17 and 0.65 ± 0.023 L/kg, respectively). In contrast, toltrazuril induced a significance decrease in Vdss and Cltot (1.71 ± 0.17 and 0.32 ± 0.015 L/kg, respectively) compared with levofloxacin alone (2.36 ± 0.34 and 0.44±0.009 L /kg, respectively). The elimination half-life and the mean residence time of levofloxacin were 4.07 ± 0.24 and 5.40 ± 0.26, 3.89 ± 0.24 and 4.77 ± 0.28, 4.10 ± 0.45 and 5.38 ± 0.36 h. in control, amprolium and toltrazuril respectively. Following oral dosing the maximum serum concentration was 3.27 ± 0.13, 2.17 ± 0.097 and 2.95 ± 0.11 µg/ml reached at 1.32 ± 0.096, 0.92 ± 0.057 and 1.30 ± 0.037h in control, amprolium and toltrazuril respectively. Amprolium and toltrazuril resulted in a significance decrease in interval between doses (19.10 ± 0.58 and 19.29 ± 0.51h respectively), compared with levofloxacin alone (27.39 ± 1.80 h.). Oral bioavailability was found to be 107.47 ± 9.23, 75.74 ± 4.50 and 53.51 ± 2.45% in control, amprolium and toltrazuril respectively. It was concluded that the pretreatment of (amprolium and toltrazuril) with levofloxacin altered the pharmacokinetic profile of levofloxacin.
Highlights
Pharmacokinetic drug interactions are of great clinical significance in veterinary practice
After IV injection of levofloxacin alone, pretreated with amprolium and pretreated with toltrazuril in broiler chickens, the drug serum concentration-time curve was best to be described by a two-compartment open model
The obtained results showed that a significant decrease in the serum levofloxacin concentration in broiler pretreated with amprolium following the IV administration of the drug at different time intervals
Summary
Pharmacokinetic drug interactions are of great clinical significance in veterinary practice. Drugs have the same metabolic pathway usually show drug interactions in its concomitant administration (Abdelsalam and Ford, 1986) These constitute a major problem facing the poultry production as many compounds over 13 have been usually added to poultry rations as feed additives (Jones and Ricke, 2003) which may interact with any administered therapeutic agent. Toltrazuril, a triazinetrione derivative, is intended for use in chickens and turkeys for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis (Vertommen et al, 1990) Levofloxacin is a third generation fluoroquinolone (Martinez et al, 2006). It possesses excellent activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria (North et al, 1998).
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