Abstract

Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.

Highlights

  • Until now the plastic industry was governed by the use of petroleum resources.an evolution of the sector is underway

  • Lignin is composed of many components having different decomposition pathways leading its thermal degradation following a complex process with consecutive reactions [24]

  • The presence of 20% of kraft lignin (KL) alone in polyamide 11 (PA) has a positive effect on the thermal degradation with a delay in the main PA degradation step

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Summary

Introduction

Until now the plastic industry was governed by the use of petroleum resources. An evolution of the sector is underway. Biobased polymers can be considered as macromolecular materials coming from biological resources and transformed by humans to be used in various activities in the form of massive sheets, films, or fibers. In order to ensure their development and their use on the market, only emphasizing the environmental benefits for those polymers compared to those derived from petroleum resources is not enough. These polymers must satisfy the same prerequisites as their predecessors. The reduction of fire risks is one of the properties required and sometimes mandatory to access sectors such as transport and buildings.

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