Influence of Activity-Travel Participation, Travel Mode Choice, and Multitasking Activities on Subjective Well-Being Using R

Abstract

Multitasking activities (MTA) are typically thought to enhance general subjective well-being (SWB). However, performing MTA while operating a private vehicle is frequently challenging. Public transportation (PT) can provide an additional option to engage in more pleasurable activities while traveling. Several studies have been conducted on the engagement of different activities while using different transport modes and its influence on physical, social, and mental health. Moreover, numerous studies have been carried out on motorized transport and MTA that resulted in accidents, fatalities, injuries, and even disasters. In addition, several experts studied the influence of health parameters on daily activities. There have, however, only been a few studies on MTA while on PT and its influence on SWB. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the travel mode choice, the performance of onboard MTA, and its influence on overall SWB. Using random sampling techniques, data on 732 individuals and 191 households—representing 0.029% of the overall population of Bandung, Indonesia—were gathered. Two different models were developed between independent, intermediate, and dependent variables. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for descriptive statistics, whereas R software was used for the multilevel linear regression analysis. The model estimation results show that MTA mediates the relationship among socio-demographic and economic variables, built environment, trip and travel parameters, and SWB. A unit increase in PT lines can provide a 1.5% greater opportunity to participate in more onboard MTA; however, a unit increase in MTA can enhance SWB by 5.1% where both the models show satisfactory coefficient of determination (R2). A unit increase in motorized transport caused a 12.9% negative association with MTA and 10.9% with SWB. A unit increase in NMT and PT are 21.7% and 10.2% positively associated with MTA and 19.2% and 13.1% positively associated with SWB. The current study helps policymakers to develop a policy based on PT which allows the individuals to engage in more MTA that enhance SWB and target sustainable transportation system.