Abstract
There is controversy about the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and health. Seventy-four healthy adults (n = 28 women; 22.5 ± 4.2 years) participated in this cross-sectional study aimed at determining the influence of ACE I/D polymorphism, ascertained by polymerase chain reaction, on cardiometabolic risk (i.e., waist circumference, body fat, blood pressure (BP), glucose, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers), maximal fat oxidation (MFO), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake), physical activity and diet. Our results showed differences by ACE I/D polymorphism in systolic BP (DD: 116.4 ± 11.8 mmHg; ID: 116.7 ± 6.3 mmHg; II: 109.4 ± 12.3 mmHg, p = 0.035) and body fat (DD: 27.3 ± 10.8%; ID: 22.6 ± 9.7%; II: 19.3 ± 7.1%, p = 0.030). Interestingly, a genotype*sex interaction in relativized MFO by lean mass (p = 0.048) was found. The DD polymorphism had higher MFO values than ID/II polymorphisms in men (8.4 ± 3.0 vs. 6.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg/min), while the ID/II polymorphisms showed higher R-MFO values than DD polymorphism in women (6.6 ± 2.3 vs. 7.6 ± 2.6 mg/kg/min). In conclusion, ACE I/D polymorphism is apparently associated with adiposity and BP, where a protective effect can be attributed to the II genotype, but not with cardiorespiratory fitness, diet and physical activity. Moreover, our study highlighted that there is a sexual dimorphism in the influence of ACE I/D gene polymorphism on MFO.
Highlights
Some reviews [35,36] have concluded that the limited number of genetic variants studied in small and heterogeneous cohorts is a common limitation in the field of exercise genomics. These discrepancies can be due to the fact that there is a sexual dimorphism in the influence of Angiotensin-convertingenzyme enzyme (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism on maximal fat oxidation (MFO)
ACE I/D polymorphism is apparently associated with higher adiposity and BP, but not with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), diet and physical activity
Our study highlighted that there is a sexual dimorphism in the influence of ACE I/D gene polymorphism on
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the main causes of mortality in developed countries [1], cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors should be analyzed in different populations, including hypertension, dietary risk, adiposity, hyperglycemia and low physical fitness [2]. It has been shown that inflammatory markers can be equal to or even more useful than traditional risk factors in predicting future cardiometabolic events [3]. The study of the genetic component of these diseases is essential, since in most cases the origin of CVD is multifactorial.
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