Abstract
BackgroundWeight loss by surgery or lifestyle changes is strongly recommended for obese individuals to improve metabolic health, but the underlying impairments that persist from a history of obesity remain unclear. Recent investigations demonstrate a persistent inflammatory state with weight loss and bariatric surgery, but the mechanism and impact are not fully understood. Additionally, these studies have not been performed in females although women are the majority of individuals undergoing weight loss interventions.MethodsThe goal of this study was to determine the sex differences in metabolically induced inflammation after dietary weight loss (WL) or bariatric surgery. Following a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, C57Bl/6j mice underwent either a dietary switch to normal chow for WL or vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and were evaluated 8 weeks after intervention. WL effects on myelopoiesis were further evaluated with bone marrow chimeras.Results Both sexes had a decrease in adiposity and total weight following WL or VSG intervention. With HFD, females had very little inflammation and no further increase with WL, but males had persistent inflammation even after WL despite metabolic improvement. Interestingly, after VSG, myeloid inflammation was increased in the livers of males and to a lesser extent in females.ConclusionsThese studies demonstrate that regardless of sex, it is critical to assess an individuals’ history of obesity rather than just rely on current weight status in medical decision-making. There are long-lasting effects on tissue inflammation in both sexes especially with surgical weight loss. Dietary change is overall most effective to improve meta-inflammation in obese males on its own or in combination with surgical weight loss.
Highlights
Obesity is a significant public health crisis due to the rise in predominantly metabolic sequelae [1,2,3]
Our studies show that male animals had improved but some persistent adipose tissue and liver inflammation even after weight loss while female adipose tissue remained in a low-inflammatory state
Males have impaired metabolism with high-fat diet (HFD) that resolves in weight loss (WL), while females remain metabolically intact Male and female C57Bl/6J mice were placed on Normal diet (ND) or fed a 60% HFD starting at 6 weeks of age
Summary
Obesity is a significant public health crisis due to the rise in predominantly metabolic sequelae [1,2,3]. Following high-fat caloric intake, adipose tissue depots expand leading to obesity. Concurrent with this expansion is an increase of both resident and recruited tissue macrophages in response to adipocyte hypertrophy [7]. Weight loss by surgery or lifestyle changes is strongly recommended for obese individuals to improve metabolic health, but the underlying impairments that persist from a history of obesity remain unclear. Recent investigations demonstrate a persistent inflammatory state with weight loss and bariatric surgery, but the mechanism and impact are not fully understood. These studies have not been performed in females women are the majority of individuals undergoing weight loss interventions
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