Abstract
BackgroundThe relationship between fish health and muscle growth is critical for continued expansion of the aquaculture industry. The effect of immune stimulation on the expression of genes related to the energy balance of fish is poorly understood. In mammals immune stimulation results in major transcriptional changes in muscle, potentially to allow a reallocation of amino acids for use in the immune response and energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of immune stimulation on fish muscle gene expression.ResultsAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar) primary muscle cell cultures were stimulated with recombinant (r)IL-1β, a major proinflammatory cytokine, for 24 h in order to simulate an acute immune response. The transcriptomic response was determined by RNA hybridization to a 4 × 44 K Agilent Atlantic salmon microarray platform. The rIL-1β stimulation induced the expression of genes related to both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In addition there were highly significant changes in the expression of genes related to regulation of the cell cycle, growth/structural proteins, proteolysis and lipid metabolism. Of interest were a number of IGF binding proteins that were differentially expressed, which may demonstrate cross talk between the growth and immune systems.ConclusionWe show rIL-1β modulates the expression of not only immune related genes, but also that of genes involved in processes related to growth and metabolism. Co-stimulation of muscle cells with both rIGF-I and rIL-1β demonstrates cross talk between these pathways providing potential avenues for further research. This study highlights the potential negative effects of inflammation on muscle protein deposition and growth in fish and extends our understanding of energy allocation in ectothermic animals.
Highlights
The relationship between fish health and muscle growth is critical for continued expansion of the aquaculture industry
Protein synthesis is driven by the growth hormone (GH)/Insulin like growth factor (IGF)/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway [2,3,4,5], whereas protein degradation occurs via a number of pathways including ubiquitin proteasome [6,7,8], lysosomal [9], apoptotic [10] and the calcium dependant calpains [11]
Cell culture and stimulation Primary muscle cell cultures were assessed for differentiation and purity by light microscopy at 4× and 10× magnification (Data not shown)
Summary
The relationship between fish health and muscle growth is critical for continued expansion of the aquaculture industry. Protein synthesis is driven by the growth hormone (GH)/Insulin like growth factor (IGF)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [2,3,4,5], whereas protein degradation occurs via a number of pathways including ubiquitin proteasome [6,7,8], lysosomal [9], apoptotic [10] and the calcium dependant calpains [11] These processes and the pathways underlying their regulation have been examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [12], rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [13,14,15,16] and other fish [17,18]. In mammals undergoing acute inflammatory responses, muscle tissue goes into immediate catabolic state [27,28]
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