Inflammatory Modulation of Interleukin-17 and -23 in Long COVID Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought forth a persistent challenge in the form of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) or Long COVID, affecting approximately 1 in 10 cases. Among the various risk factors, diabetes has emerged as a significant predictor of severe outcomes, with hyperglycemia and hyperinflammation playing pivotal roles. Despite the known association, the exact mechanisms linking diabetes to Long COVID remain elusive, prompting the need for further investigation. This study aimed to explore the relationship between immune responses, particularly interleukin-17 and -23 levels, and Long COVID severity in diabetic individuals. Method: Fifty diabetic patients with Long COVID were compared with fifty diabetic controls. Blood cytokine levels were measured, and Long COVID severity was assessed using the Long COVID Severity Scale (PCS-SS). Results: Results revealed elevated levels of interleukin-17 and -23 in diabetic patients with Long COVID compared to those without the condition. Additionally, participants with Long COVID and diabetes reported significantly higher symptom severity across physical, psychological, and cognitive domains, as indicated by the Long COVID Severity Scale. Conclusion: These findings underscore a strong association between heightened inflammatory responses and increased Long COVID severity in diabetic individuals. Understanding these mechanisms could inform targeted interventions to improve outcomes for this vulnerable population, highlighting the importance of tailored management strategies for Long COVID in diabetics.