Inflammatory cytokines activity in temporomandibular joint disorders: a review of literature

Abstract

Cytokines are important polypeptides mediators of acute and chronic inflammation. These molecules act as a complex immunological network, in which there are pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and anti-inflammatory mediators like IL-10 and transforming growth factor-b. In spite of some controversial findings, in general high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been correlated with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) such as internal derangement and osteoarthritis. These mediators promote degradation of cartilage and bone joint by inducing release of proteinases and other inflammatory molecules. Indeed, pro-inflammatory cytokines have been associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissue destruction. However, its mechanisms and pathophysiology have not been clearly delineated. In attempt to summarize the role of cytokines in TMD pathophysiology and its potential for medical intervention, the purpose of the current study was to review the literature concerning the analysis of these inflammatory mediators in TMJ fluid and tissues.