Abstract
Host health depends on the intestinal homeostasis between the innate/adaptive immune system and the microbiome. Numerous studies suggest that gut microbiota are constantly monitored by the host mucosal immune system, and any slight disturbance in the microbial communities may contribute to intestinal immune disruption and increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis between microbiota composition and the mucosal immune system is an effective approach to prevent and control IBD. The overall theme of this review is to summarize the research concerning the pathogenesis of IBD, with particular focus on the factors of gut microbiota-mucosal immune interactions in IBD. This is a comprehensive and in-depth report of the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system in IBD pathogenesis, which may provide insight into the further evaluation of the therapeutic strategies for IBD.
Highlights
The exact pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still elusive, but it is generally accepted that the inflammation results from a defective mucosal immune response to intestinal flora in genetically susceptible individuals [1]
Immune system–microbiota interactions act as a double-edged sword, with the microbiota being beneficial to the host in normal conditions, and potentially causing adverse effects in the host that contribute to inflammation [168]
The gut microbiota is constantly monitored by the mucosal immune system, and any slight disturbance in the gut microbiota may contribute to intestinal immune disruption and increased susceptibility to IBD [169]
Summary
The exact pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still elusive, but it is generally accepted that the inflammation results from a defective mucosal immune response to intestinal flora in genetically susceptible individuals [1]. A common type of IBD is Crohn’s disease (CD), in which inflammation is usually transmural and can be found in any area of the gastrointestinal tract Another major type of IBD, ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by a non-transmural inflammation that usually affects the colon and rectum [2]. Since urbanization and rapid industrialization in developing countries, traditional lifestyles have changed greatly [4]. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that disturbance of the relationship between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system is involved in IBD pathogenesis [6,7,8].
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