Abstract
Substance use disorders are a group of diseases that are associated with social, professional, and family impairment and that represent a high socio-economic impact on the health systems of countries around the world. These disorders present a very complex diagnosis and treatment regimen due to the lack of suitable biomarkers supporting the correct diagnosis and classification and the difficulty of selecting effective therapies. Over the last few years, several studies have pointed out that these addictive disorders are associated with systemic and central nervous system inflammation, which could play a relevant role in the onset and progression of these diseases. Therefore, identifying different immune system components as biomarkers of such addictive disorders could be a crucial step to promote appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Thus, this work aims to provide an overview of the immune system alterations that may be biomarkers of various addictive disorders.
Highlights
There is an increase of proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) during inflammation, an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that is released to the plasma in response to inflammation
An increase in microbiota products and derivatives [7] may play a relevant role in activating the innate immune system, triggering a systemic inflammatory reaction followed by an adaptive immune response [8]
Other miRNAs, such as mir-146a-5p, mir-21-5, and mir-182-5p, are altered after acute excessive alcohol consumption and in a sex-dependent manner in females, both human and mice [87]. These findings indicate that acute alcohol consumption modulates the inflammatory response and that it is independent of the liver damage that is caused by chronic consumption
Summary
T. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Inflammation is a physiological process that helps to repair tissue damage and resolve infections. There is an increase of proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) during inflammation, an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that is released to the plasma in response to inflammation. These inflammatory mediators are associated with several psychiatric disorders [1,2] and have been shown to contribute to the development of neuroinflammation [3]. Peripheral inflammatory states can contribute to neuroinflammation through several alterations in various organs and tissues. An increase in microbiota products and derivatives [7] may play a relevant role in activating the innate immune system, triggering a systemic inflammatory reaction followed by an adaptive immune response [8]
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