Inflammation as a predictor of disease course in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression: A prospective analysis from the Mind Your Heart Study

Abstract

BackgroundPrior research has focused largely on the pro-inflammatory states of PTSD and depression, with few studies evaluating the direction of inflammation’s association with these disorders. To clarify whether inflammation plays a role in the development of PTSD or depression, we assessed the predictive value of inflammatory biomarkers on the courses of these conditions in a cohort of Veterans. MethodsThis research was part of the Mind Your Heart Study, a prospective cohort study designed to examine PTSD-related health outcomes. Between 2008 and 2010, 746 San Francisco area Veterans Administration patients were enrolled. At baseline, inflammatory biomarkers were measured from fasting morning venous blood draws, and cortisol and catecholamine levels were measured from 24-hour urine samples. PTSD was diagnosed using the PTSD Checklist at baseline and annual follow-up. Depression was evaluated using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire at baseline and follow-up. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to assess the predictive value of baseline biomarker levels on clinically relevant courses of PTSD and depression categorized and ordered as none, resolved, developed, and chronic. ResultsAfter adjustment for age and sex, elevated levels of white blood cell count (OR = 1.27(1.10–1.47), p = 0.001), C-reactive protein (OR = 1.20(1.04–1.39), p = 0.02), fibrinogen (OR = 1.19(1.03–1.38), p = 0.02), and ESR (OR = 1.17(1.00–1.36, p = 0.05), and decreased levels of urine cortisol (OR = 0.84(0.71–0.99), p = 0.04) were significant predictors of poorer courses of PTSD. Elevated levels of WBC count (OR = 1.31(1.14–1.50), p < 0.001), CRP (OR = 1.24(1.07–1.43), p = 0.003), fibrinogen (OR = 1.26(1.09–1.46), p = 0.002), and catecholamines (OR = 1.17(1.01–1.36), p = 0.04) were significant predictors of poorer courses of depression. After additionally controlling for physical activity, elevated WBC count (p = 0.002) and decreased levels of urine cortisol (p = 0.05) remained significant predictors of PTSD course, and elevated WBC count (p = 0.001), CRP (p = 0.03), and fibrinogen (p = 0.02) remained significant predictors of depression course. After adjusting for all significant variables, elevated WBC count (p = 0.02) was a significant predictor of a poorer course of PTSD, and elevated WBC count (p = 0.04) and platelet count (p = 0.03) were significant predictors of a poorer course of depression. ConclusionsIncreased levels of several inflammatory biomarkers were associated with significantly increased odds of clinically worse courses of PTSD and depression. Inflammation may be a target for prevention and treatment of these mental health disorders.