Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or cancer of the biliary epithelium is a relatively rare but aggressive form of biliary duct cancer which has a 5-year survival rate post metastasis of 2%. Although a number of risk factors are established for CCA growth and progression, a careful evaluation of the existing literature on CCA reveals that an inflammatory environment near the biliary tree is the most common causal link between the risk factors and the development of CCA. The fact that inflammation predisposes affected individuals to CCA is further bolstered by multiple observations where the presence and maintenance of an inflammatory microenvironment at the site of the primary tumor plays a significant role in the development and metastasis of CCA. In addition, mechanisms activating the tumor vasculature and enhancing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis significantly contribute to CCA aggressiveness and metastasis. This review aims to address the role of an inflammatory microenvironment-CCA crosstalk and will present the basic concepts, observations, and current perspectives from recent research studies in the field of tumor stroma of CCA.
Highlights
Frontiers in MedicineReceived: 22 October 2019 Accepted: 29 November 2019 Published: 18 December 2019. Citation: Roy S, Glaser S and Chakraborty S (2019) Inflammation and Progression of Cholangiocarcinoma: Role of Angiogenic and Lymphangiogenic Mechanisms
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a term used to define a group of different biliary epithelial cancers and is the second most common type of liver cancer
The most common type of CCA, is the perihilar CCA (pCCA), constituting ∼50–60% of all recorded cases. pCCA comprises tumor arising from the emergence of left/right hepatic ducts at liver hilum to the confluence of cystic duct with common hepatic duct while distal CCA representing 20–30% of CCA occurs in the epithelial cells of the extra hepatic bile ducts [3]
Summary
Received: 22 October 2019 Accepted: 29 November 2019 Published: 18 December 2019. Citation: Roy S, Glaser S and Chakraborty S (2019) Inflammation and Progression of Cholangiocarcinoma: Role of Angiogenic and Lymphangiogenic Mechanisms. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or cancer of the biliary epithelium is a relatively rare but aggressive form of biliary duct cancer which has a 5-year survival rate post metastasis of 2%. The fact that inflammation predisposes affected individuals to CCA is further bolstered by multiple observations where the presence and maintenance of an inflammatory microenvironment at the site of the primary tumor plays a significant role in the development and metastasis of CCA. Mechanisms activating the tumor vasculature and enhancing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis significantly contribute to CCA aggressiveness and metastasis. This review aims to address the role of an inflammatory microenvironment-CCA crosstalk and will present the basic concepts, observations, and current perspectives from recent research studies in the field of tumor stroma of CCA
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