Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated disease of the joints that is characterized by chronic inflammation and synovial hyperplasia that eventually lead to cartilage and bone destruction. Synovial fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells recognized as a key cell population in RA due to their hyperproliferative and hypersensitive properties in the inflammatory milieu and hyperproduction of both inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading enzymes. On the immune cell side, a wealth of evidence has shown that CD4+T-cells, especially IL-17 producing helper T (Th17) cells, play a prominent role, particularly in the initiation of systemic immune response in RA. However, it is still unclear how the local chronic inflammation in the joint is elicited by a systemic immune response. Recent studies have shed light on the importance of the interaction between immune and mesenchymal cells in joints including synovial fibroblasts. In particular, mesenchymal cells contribute to the Th17-mediated chronic inflammation in RA by promoting the migration of Th17 cells to the inflamed site and then the homeostatic proliferation and concomitant increase in IL-17 production. In addition, recent progress in osteoimmunology has provided new insight into the pathogenesis of the bone destruction which takes place in RA. Th17-related cytokines have been shown to enhance osteoclastogenesis, mainly via synovial fibroblasts. Thus, mesenchymal cells are a determinant of the development of RA that links the systemic immune response and the local disorder in the joints. In addition, the interaction of immune and mesenchymal cells plays a key role in both the chronic inflammation and bone destruction seen in RA. Elucidation of the precise events involved in this interaction will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which chronic inflammation and bone destruction in joint results from a systemic immune response, and also will help provide a molecular basis for novel therapeutic strategies to treat RA.
Highlights
INTRODUCITON Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) afflicts up to 1% of the general population worldwide
Recent studies have revealed that Th17 cells and synovial fibroblasts are the critical regulators
Th17-related cytokines stimulate the differentiation of osteoclasts, mainly via the synovial fibroblasts in the joints, which eventually leads to bone destruction
Summary
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and K/BxN mouse (Kouskoff et al, 1996) model that recapitulate the whole process of RA are the most widely used mouse models. Macrophages produce IL-6 in response to C5a, leading to the generation of Th17 cells in SKG mice (Hashimoto et al, 2010) These findings indicate that activation of adaptive immunity requires innate immunity in the initiation phase of arthritis. In the SKG model, synovial fibroblasts produce CCL20 in response to proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, leading to the recruitment of CCR6+Th17 cells into the affected joint This recruitment is essential, as the administration of a neutralizing anti-CCR6 antibody ameliorates the development of arthritis (Hirota et al, 2007b). Studies on animal models of RA have revealed the role of synovial fibroblasts in Th17 immunity, i.e., promoting the migration of Th17 cells to the affected joints and homeostatic proliferation with an accompanying increase in IL-17 production, leading to the augmentation of the chronic inflammation which characterizes RA (Figure 1). Further studies regarding precise mechanisms of osteoclast differentiation and function are required for a precise molecular basis for novel therapeutic strategies
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