Infinite Families of Exact Sums of Squares Formulas, Jacobi Elliptic Functions, Continued Fractions, and Schur Functions

Abstract

In this paper we derive many infinite families of explicit exact formulas involving either squares or triangular numbers, two of which generalize Jacobi's 4 and 8 squares identities to 4n^2 or 4n(n+1) squares, respectively, without using cusp forms. In fact, we similarly generalize to infinite families all of Jacobi's explicitly stated degree 2, 4, 6, 8 Lambert series expansions of classical theta functions. In addition, we extend Jacobi's special analysis of 2 squares, 2 triangles, 6 squares, 6 triangles to 12 squares, 12 triangles, 20 squares, 20 triangles, respectively. These results, depending on new expansions for powers of various products of classical theta functions, arise in the setting of Jacobi elliptic functions, associated continued fractions, regular C-fractions, Hankel or Turanian determinants, Fourier series, Lambert series, inclusion/exclusion, Laplace expansion formula for determinants, and Schur functions. The Schur function form of these infinite families of identities are analogous to the eta-function identities of Macdonald. Moreover, the powers 4n(n+1), 2n^2+n, 2n^2-n that appear in Macdonald's work also arise at appropriate places in our analysis. A special case of our general methods yields a proof of the two Kac--Wakimoto conjectured identities involving representing a positive integer by sums of 4n^2 or 4n(n+1) triangular numbers, respectively.