Abstract

It is shown that if E is an infinite dimensional Banach space with first dual E’, second dual E", and nth dual E [ n ] {E^{[n]}} and if E [ n ] {E^{[n]}} is either an L- or M-space all duals are either L- or M-spaces except possibly E which could be a Lindenstrauss space. If E is an L- or M-space there is an integer n ( E ) n(E) so that if m > n ( E ) m > n(E) there is no Banach space F with E = F [ m ] E = {F^{[m]}} . The linear isomorphic analogues to these isometric results are also established. In particular if E is an L 1 {\mathcal {L}_1} or L ∞ {\mathcal {L}_\infty } space there is an integer n ¯ ( E ) \bar n(E) so that E is not linearly isomorphic to F [ m ] {F^{[m]}} for any Banach space F when m > n ¯ ( E ) m > \bar n(E) .

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