Abstract
Activation of plant defense pathways can be influenced by the presence of different species of attacking organisms. Understanding the complicated interactions triggering plant defense mechanisms is of great interest as it may allow the development of more effective and sustainable disease control methods. Myzus persicae and Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG) 2-1 are two important organisms attacking oilseed rape (OSR), causing disease and reduced yields. At present, is unclear how these two interact with each other and with OSR defenses and therefore the aim of the present study was to gain a better insight into the indirect interaction between aphids and pathogen. In separate experiments, we assessed the effect of AG 2-1 infection on aphid performance, measured as growth rate and population increase and then the effect of aphid infestation on AG 2-1 by quantifying disease and the amount of fungal DNA in plant stems and compost for two OSR varieties, “Canard” and “Temple.” Additionally, we examined the expression of genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) defense pathways. There was no significant effect of AG 2-1 infection on M. persicae performance. However, aphid infestation in one of the varieties, “Canard,” resulted in significantly increased disease symptoms caused by AG 2-1, although, the amount of fungal DNA was not significantly different between treatments. This meant that “Canard” plants had become more susceptible to the disease. Expression of LOX3 and MYC2 was elevated under AG 2-1 treatment but downregulated in plants with both aphids and pathogen. Therefore it seems plausible that alterations in the JA signaling due to aphid infestation resulted in the increased susceptibility to AG 2-1.
Highlights
Plants are exposed to a variety of attacking organisms aboveground and belowground, including pathogens and herbivorous insects
The interactions between an attacker and a host plant embrace the recognition of herbivore associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) or pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the plant which lead to plant triggered immunity (PTI)
Herbivores and pathogens are able to overcome this first layer of plant defenses, by the secretion of effectors and plants respond with a second layer of defenses named effectors triggered immunity (ETI) (Jaouannet et al, 2014; Wang et al, 2014; Bruce, 2015)
Summary
Plants are exposed to a variety of attacking organisms aboveground and belowground, including pathogens and herbivorous insects. Herbivores and pathogens are able to overcome this first layer of plant defenses, by the secretion of effectors and plants respond with a second layer of defenses named effectors triggered immunity (ETI) (Jaouannet et al, 2014; Wang et al, 2014; Bruce, 2015). SA and JA often act antagonistically, recent studies provide evidence that SA and JA can act in a synergistic way (Liu et al, 2016) and their activation is highly dependent on the nature of the attacker (feeding guild of herbivore and lifestyle of the pathogen) as well as the plant species (Glazebrook, 2005; Bari and Jones, 2009)
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