Inferior vena cava bypass: Experimental evaluation of externally supported grafts and initial clinical application

Abstract

Inferior vena caval obstruction is an unusual but important clinical problem for which adequate treatment previously has not been available. Recently, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft with external rigid spiral supports was developed that appeared particularly applicable to the venous system. In 18 dogs a 15 cm length of Impraflex was placed from the proximal right common iliac vein to the inferior vena cava (IVC) at the level of the renal veins after IVC and right iliac vein interruption. End-to-end and end-to-side iliac vein anastomoses were alternated, with and without distal femoral arteriovenous (AV) fistulas (AVFs). At 2 months, with a distal AV fistula, 11 of 12 (92%) grafts were patent, angiograms demonstrated no evidence of intraluminal clot, and there was no hind limb edema. Following AVF ligation 2 months after graft insertion, 10 grafts remained patent, but five developed some intraluminal thrombus and one of them progressed to complete occlusion. Four months after fistula ligation (6 months after graft insertion) 9 of 12 grafts (75%) remained patent. All six grafts without distal AVF were occluded within 1 week. This procedure was performed on one severely symptomatic patient who had IVC occlusion, and currently the patient shows marked improvement. Thus IVC bypass is possible when an externally supported PTFE prosthesis is complemented by a temporary AVF.