Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses significant financial and biosecurity challenges to the commercial poultry farming industry. IBV is the causative agent of multi-systemic infection in the respiratory, reproductive and renal systems, which is similar to the symptoms of various viral and bacterial diseases reported in chickens. The avian immune system manifests the ability to respond to subsequent exposure with an antigen by stimulating mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, the immune response against IBV presents a dilemma due to the similarities between the different serotypes that infect poultry. Currently, the live attenuated and killed vaccines are applied for the control of IBV infection; however, the continual emergence of IB variants with rapidly evolving genetic variants increases the risk of outbreaks in intensive poultry farms. This review aims to focus on IBV challenge–infection, route and delivery of vaccines and vaccine-induced immune responses to IBV. Various commercial vaccines currently have been developed against IBV protection for accurate evaluation depending on the local situation. This review also highlights and updates the limitations in controlling IBV infection in poultry with issues pertaining to antiviral therapy and good biosecurity practices, which may aid in establishing good biorisk management protocols for its control and which will, in turn, result in a reduction in economic losses attributed to IBV infection.
Highlights
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is an acute and highly contagious respiratory pathogen of chicken that has a major economic impact on poultry stakeholders
Strategies for vaccination have been challenged by the emergence of new IBV serotypes, which include more than 50 reported variants that have been documented globally, even though this results in little or no cross-protection across the spectrum of novel serotypes [19]
Passive immunity typically refers to IgG antibodies or maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) that play a significant role in the immediate local protection of chicks for short-term defense against IBV
Summary
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is an acute and highly contagious respiratory pathogen of chicken that has a major economic impact on poultry stakeholders. IBV belongs to gammacoronavirus (γCoV) or Group-3 coronavirus (order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae) with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA, (+) ssRNA and. The. Coronavirinae subfamily comprises four genera of viruses such as Alphacoronavirus (αCoV), Betacoronavirus (βCoV), γCoV and Deltacoronavirus (δCoV) based on morphology and genome structure [9,10,11]. Strategies for vaccination have been challenged by the emergence of new IBV serotypes, which include more than 50 reported variants that have been documented globally, even though this results in little or no cross-protection across the spectrum of novel serotypes [19]. This review describes various types of immune responses; in particular, the potency of the genetic vaccine may need more exploration in order for future research to underlie the immunological responses to the different types of IBV
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