Infections extrapulmonaires à Mycoplasma pneumoniae : atteintes neurologique et rénale

Abstract

Mycoplasma pneumonia is the second most frequent bacterium in pneumonia and the leading intracellular type. M.pneumoniae pulmonary infection is characterized by a slower onset profile and a lower biological inflammatory picture than pneumococcal infection. Both upper and lower respiratory tracts are often affected and sometimes a Kawasaki-like syndrome can be associated, with conjunctivitis or cheilitis. Extrapulmonary forms of the disease can occur, whether or not it is associated with pulmonary infection. We report two cases: in the first case, a renal form of M.pneumoniae disease developed in a 6-year-old girl, with membranous proliferative glomerulonephritis expressed as a picture of impure nephritic syndrome with decreased serum complement concentration, following an upper respiratory infection. Diagnosis was obtained by means of a kidney biopsy. The second case occurred in an 8-year-old girl who expressed, after a respiratory tract infection, neurological symptoms such as ocular flutter, perception disorder, and ataxia. This onset is typical of post-infectious rhombencephalitis. Biological investigations and imaging were normal. In both cases, M.pneumoniae infection was diagnosed on the basis of immunoglobulin M-positive serology. Direct exploration of the bacterium was negative, due to its fragility and delayed diagnostic hypothesis. Several forms of M.pneumoniae infection are either the direct effect of the bacterium or are secondary to a cross-immunological reaction. As its frequency is increasing, M.pneumoniae infection should be raised as a cause of atypical, less well-known extrapulmonary forms of the disease.