Infection rate of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in cyprinoid fish from the markets and its association to human opisthorchiasis in the local community in the Northeast Thailand

Abstract

The prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini, a fish-borne zoonotic trematode that can provoke cholangiocarcinoma, is high in the Northeast Thailand. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of O. viverrini metacercariae in the cyprinid fish and determine its association of O. viverrini infection among the consumers who regularly buy fish in the markets. A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine provinces covering 20 districts of Thailand, and we examined 778 cyprinoid fish specimens belonging to five species purchased from local markets. Pepsin-HCl digestion method was used to recover O. viverrini metacercariae from fish. In all districts surveyed, O. viverrini metacercariae-positive fish were found with the infection rates ranging from 3.9 to 21.1%. All five fish species studied were positive for O. viverrini metacercariae: Henicorhynchus siamensis (13.7%), Cyclocheilichtys spp. (12.7%), Hampala spp. (8.1%), Systomus spp. (6.9%) and Barbonymus goniatus (5.0%). An average prevalence of O. viverrini infection was 7.1% in the fish consumers surveyed in the markets. The source of fish was determined and our results showed that parasitized fish are sold in markets up to 100 km away from the point of capture, which contributes to the dispersion and maintenance of this helminthiasis. Our results point to the transmission of liver flukes via markets, in spite of many active programs of health education, elimination, prevention and control aimed to reduce O. viverrini infection and subsequent cholangiocarcinoma in the endemic areas of Thailand.