Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a microorganism that has the potential to infect the skin and mucous membranes, causing local tissue injury or remaining asymptomatic. When one’s immune system is not capable of fighting an invasion of the virus, it remains latent inside the nucleus of infected cells. One of the clinical manifestations is the presence of benign epithelial lesions in the oral cavity, which include squamous cell papilloma, common skin warts, focal epithelial hyperplasia and papillary hyperplasia. Human papillomaviruses have an etiological role in cancers of the pharynx and the oral cavity, with 25-50% of cases being attributed to HPV infections. A literature review was carried out in big contemporary databases and included papers from any year of publishing, going back as far as reviewing the history of its viral taxonomic classification all the way to current clinical approaches and therapies to patients with this infection, as well as immunization strategies with vaccines. It has been observed that the development of oropharyngeal cancer in a younger and non-smoking population could be attributable to HPV as an independent causal factor and has been a subject of increasing interest for the research community. HPV vaccination is expected to impact oral HPV incidence rates, leastwise for the genotypes included in the vaccine.
Highlights
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small (55nm), non-enveloped, icosahedral shaped virus, with a natural tropism or predilection to infect epithelial cells (HA; CALIFANO, 2004)
The HPV infection is basically transmitted through any sexual contact (FERNANDES et al, 2013) both men and women are susceptible to the infection, and can be asymptomatic carriers, transmitters and affected by the infection, all at once in some cases (TRISTÃO et al, 2012)
Human papillomaviruses play an etiological role in cancers of the oropharynx, with 25-50% of cases being attributed to HPV infections (DE MARTEL et al, 2017; CHATURVEDI et al, 2013)
Summary
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small (55nm), non-enveloped, icosahedral shaped virus, with a natural tropism or predilection to infect epithelial cells (HA; CALIFANO, 2004). It can cause tissue lesions or remain in a dormant non-replicative state (BERNARD et al, 2010). More than 200 types of HPV have already been identified, all capable of infecting skin cells or cells of mucous membranes They are divided into high and low risk subtypes (HÜBBERS; AKGÜL, 2015). The human Papillomavirus is characteristically small (55nm), non-enveloped, icosahedral in shape, with a natural predilection, or tropism, for infecting epithelial cells (HA; CALIFANO, 2004) It infects the epithelium of some vertebrates, including humans, where it remains asymptomatic/ quiescent or may evoke symptoms (BERNARD et al, 2010). Classification advancement Applicability of primer usage in viral typification 96 types described in the ICTV Reviewed proposal of classification with 118 described types Report of serotype specific response absence Use of DNA free viral-like particles (VLP) Review of classification with 170 reported types Recent report of new subtypes Mega taxonomy proposal for viruses Source: Author
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