Infection and immune response to porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in grower pigs

Abstract

Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is the cause of acute outbreaks of vomiting and wasting disease and/or encephalomyelitis in neonatal pigs, with naïve herds particularly vulnerable to clinical episodes. PHEV infections in older pigs are generally considered to be subclinical, but are poorly characterized in the refereed literature. In this study, twelve 7-week-old pigs were oronasally inoculated with 0.5 mL (1:128 HA titer) PHEV (Mengeling strain) and then followed through 42 days post inoculation (dpi). Fecal and oral fluid specimens were collected daily to evaluate viral shedding. Serum samples were tested for viremia, isotype-specific antibody responses, cytokine, and chemokine responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated to evaluate phenotype changes in immune cell subpopulations. No clinical signs were observed in PHEV inoculated pigs, but virus was detected in oral fluid (1–28 dpi) and feces (1–10 dpi). No viremia was detected, but a significant IFN-α response was observed in serum at 3 dpi, followed by the detection of IgM (dpi 7), and IgA/IgG (dpi 10). Flow cytometry revealed a one-off increase in cytotoxic T cells at 21 dpi. This study demonstrated that exposure of grower pigs to PHEV results in subclinical infection characterized by active viral replication and shedding followed by an active humoral and cell-mediated immune response that attenuates the course of the infection and results in viral clearance.