Infection à virus Chikungunya : revue générale par temps d'épidémie

Abstract

The Chikungunya virus is an alpha arbovirus, first identified in 1953, transmitted by Aedes, mosquitoes, responsible for a little documented uncommon acute specifically tropical disease. Its main symptoms are fever, a rash, and debilitating arthralgia. An unprecedented Chikungunya epidemic is ongoing on the Reunion Island (775,000 inhabitants) with over 244,000 reported and 205 deaths (directly or indirectly linked) as of April 20 2006. Aedes albopictus, long present on the island, is the assumed vector. It had already been identified as the vector for type 2 Dengue fever in 1997–1978 (200,000 cases) for type 1 Dengue fever in 2004 (300 cases). After the Grande Comore Island epidemic, the first cases were reported in the Reunion Island in March 2005. The epidemic was a surprise because of its unexpected emergence, its magnitude, and clinical cases rarely or never described before: severe forms, central neurological involvement, hepatic cytolyse, severe lymphopenia, severe dermatological involvement, deaths, and neonatal infections. This is the first manifestation of the intrusion CHK virus on the island, which benefits from a sub-tropical climate, but also of an occidental healthcare environment, with a non-immune population. This is also the first time that a Chikungunya epidemic is described in this part of the world.