Infant Sex-Specific Associations between Prenatal Food Insecurity and Low Birthweight: A Multistate Analysis

Abstract

BackgroundLow birthweight is associated with increased risk of neonatal mortality and adverse outcomes among survivors. As maternal sociodemographic factors do not explain all of the risk in low birthweight, exploring exposures occurring during critical periods, such as maternal food insecurity, should be considered from a life course perspective. ObjectivesTo explore the association between prenatal food insecurity and low birthweight, as well as whether or not there may be a sex-specific response using a multistate survey. MethodsPregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data of live births from 11 states during 2009–2017 were used, restricting to women with a singleton birth. Food insecurity was determined by a single question in PRAMS, and low birthweight was defined as a birth <2500 g. Multivariable logistic regression was used, stratified by infant sex and adjusted for maternal sociodemographic and prepregnancy health characteristics. ResultsThere were n = 50,915 women from 2009 to 2017, with 9.1% experiencing food insecurity. Unadjusted results revealed that food-insecure mothers had an increased odds ratio of delivering a low-birthweight baby (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.53). Adjustment for covariates appeared to explain the association among male infants, whereas magnitudes remained greater among female infants (adjusted OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.35). ConclusionsFindings suggest a sex-specific response to prenatal food insecurity, particularly among female offspring. Future studies are warranted with more precise measures of food insecurity and to understand the difference by infant sex.