Abstract
<h3>Key Messages</h3> Population-based studies in high-income countries have generally failed to find protection of male circumcision (MC) against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This stems from the overrepresentation of men who have sex with men (MSM) in national STI statistics, with inability of MC to protect against STIs during receptive anal intercourse. Studies of men from settings where MC is performed early in life showed lower prevalence of STIs in circumcised men. However, a Danish database study reported an association of early MC with an increased risk of STIs. The study’s findings were underpowered, contained questionable statistical methods, failed to consider receptive anal intercourse by MSM, and failed to adequately exclude non-ethnic Danes. Biological plausibility of infant MC in reducing infection risk is supported by its well-established ability to protect against infant urinary tract infections, as well as pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms, across all ages. Childhood MC appears effective for protection against various specific STIs irrespective of the country where it was performed.
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