Abstract
Freeze concentration (FC) is an emerging water recovery technology in the processing industry. It presents advantages over traditional evaporation methods because it operates at a low energy footprint, as the thermodynamic enthalpy of freezing is seven times less than the enthalpy of evaporation of pure water. This paper focuses on industrial water recovery, using FC as a stand-alone water recovery process, and determines the effect of different parameters (initial concentration, cooling temperature, type of solute, agitation) on ice purity and recovery. A 3 L bench-scale layer freeze crystallizer was designed and 0.5–1.5 molal NaCl and MgCl2 solutions were used to mimic effluents from the mining and extractive metallurgy industries. A maximum impurity reduction of 82% and 68% was achieved from 0.5 molal NaCl and MgCl2 solutions, respectively. Results have shown that ice purity decreases with higher initial feed concentration. However, agitation significantly improves ice purity even at the highest concentration tested, namely 1.5 molal MgCl2, without having a negative impact on the amount of ice recovered.
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