Abstract
Prior to considering differentiated integration in European Union industrial policy, it is first necessary to understand what this policy encompasses. EU industrial policy incorporates a range of policies that have a direct or indirect impact upon industry. The European Commission (2005) adopts an official definition of industrial policy that is narrow and focused upon manufacturing, effectively excluding service industries. In its view, industrial policy involves creating the conditions for manufacturing to thrive, complementing work at the Member State level. The EU’s industrial policy officially includes seven crosssector initiatives — on competitiveness, energy and the environment; intellectual property rights; better regulation; industrial research and innovation; market access; skills; and managing structural change — which is to benefit a wide range of industrial sectors. In addition, the Commission has introduced seven new initiatives targeted at specific sectors — pharmaceuticals, chemicals, space, defence, information and communication technologies, mechanical engineering, food, and the fashion and design industries.KeywordsMember StateIndustrial PolicyEuropean Space AgencyIndependent System OperatorJoint European TorusThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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