Abstract
AbstractThe accumulation of living matter in cooling water systems may be the result of the activity of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi, or the growth of macroorganisms that include mussels, barnacles, hydroids, and serpulid worms and plant material such as water weeds. The extent of the deposition of both micro‐ and macroorganisms, depends very much on the origin of the water employed in the cooling water circuit. In general, the water is taken from a natural source, which contains the organisms and nutrients to sustain life and growth. Some sources, such as borehole water, are relatively free of organic material, but in “open” cooling water circuits, it rapidly becomes contaminated from contact with the atmosphere. Water from other sources, including freshwater rivers, canals or lakes, estuarine or seawater, is already heavily contaminated before it is taken into an industrial system.
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