Abstract
Enzymes as industrial biocatalysts offer numerous advantages over traditional chemical processes with respect to sustainability and process efficiency. Enzyme catalysis has been scaled up for commercial processes in the pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries, although further enhancements in stability and biocatalyst functionality are required for optimal biocatalytic processes in the energy sector for biofuel production and in natural gas conversion. The technical barriers associated with the implementation of immobilized enzymes suggest that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary for the development of immobilized biocatalysts applicable in such industrial-scale processes. Specifically, the overlap of technical expertise in enzyme immobilization, protein and process engineering will define the next generation of immobilized biocatalysts and the successful scale-up of their induced processes. This review discusses how biocatalysis has been successfully deployed, how enzyme immobilization can improve industrial processes, as well as focuses on the analysis tools critical for the multi-scale implementation of enzyme immobilization for increased product yield at maximum market profitability and minimum logistical burden on the environment and user.
Highlights
IntroductionEnzymes are highly efficient biocatalysts researched for industrial-scale catalysis because of their several distinct advantages that range from their operation in milder reaction conditions, to their exceptional product selectivity, and to their lower environmental and physiological toxicity [1,2,3,4]
Enzymes are highly efficient biocatalysts researched for industrial-scale catalysis because of their several distinct advantages that range from their operation in milder reaction conditions, to their exceptional product selectivity, and to their lower environmental and physiological toxicity [1,2,3,4].The above listed advantages were shown to translate into reduced operating costs when they were effectively employed as biocatalysts in chemical processes
In industrial-scale chemical production, the benefits of biocatalysis are often multifaceted, and as such, enzymes are attractive catalysts owing to mild reaction conditions, high product selectivity, and low environmental impact, and have been employed for both simplified chemical synthesis routes and improved chemical process economics [1,3,5]; Table 1 illustrates the broad applications of enzyme catalysis throughout various industries
Summary
Enzymes are highly efficient biocatalysts researched for industrial-scale catalysis because of their several distinct advantages that range from their operation in milder reaction conditions, to their exceptional product selectivity, and to their lower environmental and physiological toxicity [1,2,3,4]. The above listed advantages were shown to translate into reduced operating costs when they were effectively employed as biocatalysts in chemical processes As such, their lower energy requirements, mitigation of waste generation, and simplified production routes [1,3,5] have been partially realized in the pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries [6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. This review contains an in-depth discussion of the latest enzyme immobilization techniques, how enzyme immobilization can aid in the realization of fully optimized biocatalysts, and the combination of technical expertise that will drive the scale-up of these economically competitive immobilized-biocatalytic processes for industrial applications
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