Indus tsangpo suture zone in ladakh—its tectonostratigraphy and tectonics

Abstract

The Indus Tsangpo suture zone in Ladakh lies between the Phanerozoic sequence of the Zanskar Zone of Tethys Himalaya in the south and Karakoram zone in the north. The five palaeotectonic regimes recognized in the suture zone are: The Indus palaeosubduction complex, the Ladakh magmatic arc, the Indus arc-trench gap sedimentation, the Shyok backarc and the Post-collision molasse sedimentation. The Ladakh magmatic arc, comprising intrusives of the Ladakh plutonic complex and extrusives of the Dras, Luzarmu and Khardung formations, owes its origin to the subduction of the Indian oceanic plate underneath the Tibet-Karakoram block. The Indus Formation, lower Cretaceous to middle Eocene in age, was laid down in a basin between the magmatic arc and the subduction complex. The Shergol and Zildat ophiolitic melange belts exhibit green-schist and blue-schist facies metamorphism and show structural geometry and deformation history dissimilar to that of the underlying and overlying formations. The melange belts and the flysch sediments of the Nindam Formation represent a palaeosubduction complex. The Shyok suture zone consists of tectonic slices of metamorphics of the Pangong Tso Crystallines, Cretaceous to lower Eocene volcanics and sedimentaries, together with ultramafic and gabbro bodies and molasse sediments. This petrotectonic assemblage is interpreted as representing a back-are basin. Post-collision molasse sedimentaries are continental deposits of Neogene age, and they occur with depositional contact transgressing the lithological and structural boundaries. Two metamorphic belts, the Tso Morari crystalline complex and the Pangong Tso Crystallines, flank to the south and north respectively of the Indus suture zone in Eastern Ladakh. Three generations of fold structures and associated penetrative (and linear) structures, showing a similar deformation history of both the metamorphic belts, are developed. The shortening structures developed as a result of collision during the postmiddle Eocene time.