Abstract
Abstract Currently, olive grove management in Spain responds to the three following clearly differentiated systems in order of decreasing area: Conventional Management (70%), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (26%) and Ecological Management (4%) systems. These are characterized by a decreasing dependence on synthetic insecticides and by different soil tillage intensities. They are also subject to different subside regulations and application regimen by the government, so their adequate characterization represents a factor of increasing importance, which is the object of this work.During the years 2017 and 2018, olive groves corresponding to the three types of management were selected, in which two series of plots were established. In one series, Dimethoate 40® was applied, considering plots of the second series as control. After insecticide application, beneficial insects were monitored through the use of chromatic traps.The results allow elucidating two clearly different behavioral patterns in beneficial insects, depending on the use of insecticides: Conventional and IPM management, where repellency reaction is manifested, absent in the Ecological Management. Aspects about the induction of sublethal effects for the characterization of the different pest management systems are discussed.
Highlights
Pest control has been based on the systematic use of pesticides, which has led to an environmental crisis, with fatal consequences for ecosystems, negatively affecting biodiversity (VIVES DE QUADRAS, 1988), natural resources and the health of consumers (DEL PUERTO RODRÍGUEZ et al, 2014), causing the appearance of emerging pests and the selection of insecticide-resistant lineages (CARRERO, 1996)
The relative abundance values of the different beneficial species were much higher in the Ecological management system compared to Conventional and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems
The results allow differentiating two behavioral patterns in the populations of most natural enemies, clearly different from each other, depending on the application or not of synthetic insecticides in the usual crop management: On the one hand, in olive groves where synthetic insecticides (Conventional, IPM) are applied, results are consistent with the existence of resistant lineages
Summary
Pest control has been based on the systematic use of pesticides, which has led to an environmental crisis, with fatal consequences for ecosystems, negatively affecting biodiversity (VIVES DE QUADRAS, 1988), natural resources and the health of consumers (DEL PUERTO RODRÍGUEZ et al, 2014), causing the appearance of emerging pests and the selection of insecticide-resistant lineages (CARRERO, 1996). The Conventional Management system currently represents the highest proportion of Spanish crops (70%) (BOLLERO et al, 2017). In these crops, herbaceous cover is excluded due to the regular application of herbicides and pests are managed through the application of synthetic insecticides. The Conventional Management system represents a more environmentally friendly approach, including biorational criteria In these crops, the application of synthetic insecticides is not ruled out, it requires a more precise knowledge of the biology and ecology of pests and their natural enemies, as well as the introduction of population thresholds with the aim of suppressing unnecessary insecticide applications (EHI -EROMOSELE et al, 2013). IPM contemplates the development of herbaceous covers, which are aimed at stimulating the proliferation of beneficial insects (CALABRESE et al, 2012; GÓMEZ et al, 2018)
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