Induction of micronuclei by Zearalenone in Vero monkey kidney cells and in bone marrow cells of mice: protective effect of Vitamin E

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin mainly produced by Fusarium graminaerum, found as a world-wide contaminant mainly of corn and wheat. Previous studies have demonstrated that among several other effects on animals and humans, ZEN also displays hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. ZEN is mainly known as a hormonal disrupter due to its estrogenic activities and consequent toxicity for reproduction. Furthermore, mutagenic and genotoxic proprieties of ZEN were disclosed recently, the molecular mechanisms of which are not yet well understood. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of ZEN was evaluated using genotoxicity tests: the ‘cytokinesis block micronucleus assay’ in Vero monkey kidney cells and the ‘in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay’. In cultured cells treated with 5, 10 and 20 μM ZEN, the frequency of binucleated micronucleated cells (BNMN) was assessed in 1000 binucleated cells and in mice given oral doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg bw, the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes micronucleated (PCEMN) in bone marrow cells was assessed in 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE). The potential prevention of ZEN-induced effects by 25 μM Vitamin E (Vit E) was also evaluated. In vivo, doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg bw ZEN representing, respectively 2, 4 and 8% of the LD50 (LD50 of ZEN in mice is 500 mg/kg bw), were administered to animals either with or without pre-treatment with Vit E (216.6 mg/kg bw) in order to evaluate its preventive potential. ZEN was found to induce micronuclei (MN) in a dose-dependent manner in cultured Vero cells as well as in mouse bone marrow cells. The present data emphasise the likely clastogenic pathway among the molecular mechanisms that underlay the ZEN-induced genotoxicity. Vit E was found to prevent partially—from 30 to 50%—these toxic effects, most likely acting either as a structural analogue of ZEN or as an antioxidant.