Induction of Hyperlipidemia by Intravenous Infusion of Tallow Emulsion Causes Insulin Resistance in Holstein Cows

Abstract

The objective was to test whether the induction of elevated blood nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) by i.v. infusion of a tallow emulsion altered glucose tolerance and responsiveness to insulin in Holstein cows. Six non-lactating, nongestating Holstein cows were assigned to a crossover design. One cow was excluded before initiation of the experiment because of complications from mastitis. Treatments consisted of 11-h i.v. infusions of saline (control) or a 20% (wt/vol) triacylglycerol (TG) emulsion derived from tallow (tallow) to elevate plasma NEFA. Each period consisted of two 11-h infusions (INF1 and INF2), separated by 1 d in which cows were not infused. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) and insulin challenges (IC) were performed 8h after initiation of INF1 and INF2, respectively. The infusion of treatments continued during the 3h of sampling for IVGTT and IC. Cows were fed every 4h at a rate to meet energy requirements for 5 d prior to each period, and every 2h during the first 8h of infusions. Infusion of tallow induced hyperlipidemia by increasing plasma NEFA (295±9 vs. 79±7μEq/L), serum TG (41.0±6 vs. 11.4±4.4mg/dL), and glycerol (0.81±0.09 vs. 0.23±0.1mg/dL) concentrations during INF1. During INF2, tallow treatment increased plasma NEFA (347 vs. 139±18μEq/L), serum TG (20.8±4.6 vs. 13.1±2.3mg/dL), and glycerol (0.88±0.04 vs. 0.31±0.02mg/dL) concentrations. Induction of hyperlipidemia impaired glucose clearance during IVGTT, despite the greater endogenous insulin response to the glucose infusion, leading to a lower insulin sensitivity index [0.29 vs. 1.88±0.31×10−4 min−1/(μIU/mL)]. Accordingly, hyperlipidemia impaired glucose clearance during IC (1.58 vs. 2.72%/min), reflecting lower responsiveness to insulin. These data show that induction of hyperlipidemia causes insulin resistance in Holstein cows by impairing both sensitivity and maximum responsiveness to insulin. The induction of insulin resistance by TG, NEFA, or both may increase the availability of glucogenic nutrients to the periparturient dairy cow. Yet excessive elevation of NEFA may potentially lead adipocytes to become more insulin resistant, further increasing plasma NEFA concentration and the risk of metabolic disorders.