Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the −1026(A>C)(rs2779249) and +2087(A>G)(2297518) polymorphisms in the NOS2 gene were associated with chronic periodontitis (CP) and with salivary levels of nitrite (NO2−) and/or nitrate + nitrite (NOx). A group of 113 mixed-race patients were subjected to periodontal, genetic, and biochemical evaluations (65 CP/48 periodontally healthy subjects). DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells and used for genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (real-time). Salivary NOx concentrations were determined using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay. Association of CP with alleles and genotypes of the −1026(A>C) polymorphism was found (X2 test, p = 0.0075; 0.0308), but this was not maintained after multiple logistic regression, performed to estimate the effect of covariates and polymorphisms in CP. This analysis demonstrated, after correction for multiple comparisons, that only the female gender was significantly associated with CP. Polymorphisms analyzed as haplotypes were not associated with CP. NOx levels were significantly higher in the control group of heterozygous individuals for both polymorphisms. In conclusion, the female gender was significantly associated with CP, and higher levels of salivary NOx were found in control subjects and associated with the heterozygous state of the NOS2 polymorphisms, reinforcing the potential of NO metabolites as markers of periodontitis status.
Highlights
Periodontal diseases (PD), including chronic periodontitis (CP), the most common form of destructive PD in adults, are chronic inflammatory diseases demonstrating loss of connective tissue together with alveolar bone [1]
Because there is only one previous study investigating the association of the above-mentioned single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the NOS2 gene with CP [36], and considering that salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with CP remain controversial, we investigated in the present study the possibility of an association of
The power calculation we performed showed that a sample size of 113 individuals was large enough to detect a significant association between CP and the studied genetic polymorphisms, with an α-value of 0.025, odds ratio (OR) = 2.65, and a power of 94%
Summary
Periodontal diseases (PD), including chronic periodontitis (CP), the most common form of destructive PD in adults, are chronic inflammatory diseases demonstrating loss of connective tissue together with alveolar bone [1]. Complex diseases are associated with variations in multiple genes, each of which has a small overall contribution and relative risk for disease process [5]. Most genetics research in periodontitis has focused on gene polymorphisms that play a role in immunoregulation, but little is known regarding a key short-lived molecule that plays role in many physiological and pathological processes [7]. This is nitric oxide (NO), which is a gaseous free radical generated from the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) [8]. There are three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS): endothelial (eNOS), neuronal (nNOS), and inducible (iNOS) [9]
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