Induced pluripotent stem cells. Obtaining, properties and application prospects in biology and medicine

Abstract

This review dedicated to induced pluripotent stem cells discovery of which became one of the outstanding achievements of biomedical science at the beginning of 21th century. These cells are in fact a artificially induced analogue of embryonic stem cells. They are the progenitors of all cells contained in organism of animals and human. The pool of embryonic stem cells forms in fertilized cell and they are involved in extremely complex processes of organogenesis. The position of these cells in general and of induced pluripotent stem cells in particular in hierarchy of cells in organism is described.The main properties of these cells, similarities and differences between embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, prospects for their practical use in biology and medicine including treatment of human diseases are considered.The mechanisms of induced dedifferenciation in both unipotent cells, for example fibroblasts and keretotinocytes, and multipotent cells as hemopoetic or mesenchimal stromal stem cells are described.In this review the information on used in the world approaches for obtaining of induced pluripotent stem cells is presented, the ways of reprogramming different in the methods of delivery of genetic material into the cells and conditions of their cultivation during dedifferentiation process and efficacy. As an example, description of all dedifferentiation cycle of human fibroblasts in induced pluripotent stem cells is provided. Besides, the data on unique properties of induced pluripotent stem cells what allowed to study ontogenesis processes, pathophysiology of various diseases both in vitro and in animals' models to be obtained using induced pluripotent stem cells and also on approaches of these cells application for medicine screening when they are synthesized and tested are given.