Abstract
Cell-based therapies currently represent the state of art for tissue regenerative treatment approaches for various diseases and disorders. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from adult somatic cells, using vectors carrying definite transcription factors, have manifested a breakthrough in regenerative medicine, relying on their pluripotent nature and ease of generation in large amounts from various dental and nondental tissues. In addition to their potential applications in regenerative medicine and dentistry, iPSCs can also be used in disease modeling and drug testing for personalized medicine. The current review discusses various techniques for the production of iPSC-derived osteogenic and odontogenic progenitors, the therapeutic applications of iPSCs, and their regenerative potential in vivo and in vitro. Through the present review, we aim to explore the potential applications of iPSCs in dental and nondental tissue regeneration and to highlight different protocols used for the generation of different tissues and cell lines from iPSCs.
Highlights
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst
Despite challenges associated with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)’ clinical use, their potential impact on medical applications still warrants further research
Carrying the application of iPSCs for tissue regeneration into humans entails strict abiding to the conduct of good manufacturing practice (GMP), as well as properly selecting cell source, culturing media, and vectors for gene transduction and excluding any xenogeneic-derived products from iPSC generation protocols
Summary
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Mature murine fibroblast cell lines were reversed into pluripotency via retroviral transduction of 4 transcription factors, POU domain class 5 transcription factor 1 (Oct3/4), the sex-determining region Y-box (Sox2), Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), and myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-Myc), giving rise to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Those four transcription factors ( referred to as OSKM factors) were postulated to be responsible for the maintenance of ES inherent pluripotency. IPSCs were generated from a variety of adult tissues [7,8,9] and were similar to ES in morphology, proliferative rates, surface antigens, expressed genes, and in vivo teratoma formation [6]
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