Abstract

A literature search was conducted using scientific search engines, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases with the terms 'Cartilage tissue engineering' and 'stem cells' to retrieve published literature on chondrogenic differentiation and tissue engineering using MSCs, ESCs, and hiPSCs. hiPSCs may provide an effective and autologous treatment for focal chondral lesions, though further research is needed to explore the potential of such technologies. This review has provided a comprehensive overview of these technologies and the potential applications for hiPSCs in regenerative medicine.

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