Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of debilitating pathologies in which neuronal tissue dies due to the buildup of neurotoxic plaques, resulting in detrimental effects on cognitive ability, motor control, and everyday function. Stem cell technology offers promise in addressing this problem on multiple fronts, but the conventional sourcing of pluripotent stem cells involves harvesting from aborted embryonic tissue, which comes with strong ethical and practical concerns. The keystone discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provides an alternative and endless source, circumventing the unfavorable issues with embryonic stem cells, and yielding fundamental advantages. This review highlights iPSC technology, the pathophysiology of two major neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, and then illustrates current state-of-the-art approaches towards the treatment of the diseases using iPSCs. The technologies discussed in the review emphasize in vitro therapeutic neural cell and organoid development for disease treatment, pathological modeling of neurodegenerative diseases, and 3D bioprinting as it applies to both.
Highlights
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), afflict some 50 million people in the US alone, with over 600 types having been identified as of 2017 [1]
The review focuses on approaches for regenerative implantation and in vitro neural organoid development, in combination with the rapidly evolving field of 3D bioprinting, for potential neurodegenerative disease treatment and drug testing (Figure 1)
Excessive alpha-synuclein accumulation is minergic neurons, occurs, but there is a selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neuthought to be the main cause of PD, leading to the formation of clumps of protein or fibrillar rons, so they degrade at a faster rate [8]
Summary
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), afflict some 50 million people in the US alone, with over 600 types having been identified as of 2017 [1]. There is no cure for Parkinson’s nor Alzheimer’s diseases. This review highlights iPSC technology, the pathophysiology of the two major neurodegenerative diseases, and current state-of-the-art approaches towards treatment of the diseases using iPSC-derived cells. The review focuses on approaches for regenerative implantation and in vitro neural organoid development, in combination with the rapidly evolving field of 3D bioprinting, for potential neurodegenerative disease treatment and drug testing (Figure 1). Diseases.iPSCs iPSCsare arereprogrammed reprogrammedfrom fromthe the Figure treatment patient’s somatic somatic cells. Cells cancan be implanted directly or used fabricate constructs for drug patient’s cells.Their. Theirderived derived cells be implanted directly or to used to fabricate constructs testing.
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