Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which intensifies significant concern due to severe health effects. Based on the well-established human health effects of outdoor PM, health-based standards for outdoor air have been promoted (e.g., the National Ambient Air Quality Standards formulated by the U.S.). Due to the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, the chemical composition of indoor particulate matter is related to the sources and components of outdoor PM. However, PM in the indoor environment has the potential to exceed outdoor PM levels. Indoor PM includes particles of outdoor origin that drift indoors and particles that originate from indoor activities, which include cooking, fireplaces, smoking, fuel combustion for heating, human activities, and burning incense. Indoor PM can be enriched with inorganic and organic contaminants, including toxic heavy metals and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds. As a potential health hazard, indoor exposure to PM has received increased attention in recent years because people spend most of their time indoors. In addition, as the quantity, quality, and scope of the research have expanded, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review of indoor PM. This review discusses the sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation of indoor PM. Practical solutions and steps to reduce exposure to indoor PM are also discussed.
Highlights
The results shown that after 5 years of continuous exposure to the average particle concentration, 258 mg of all particles are deposited on the surface of the alveoli of which 79.6% are cleared, 18.8% are retained in the alveolar region, 1.5% translocate to the hilar lymph nodes, and 0.1% are transferred to the interstitium
Absorption of Particulate matter (PM) by the digestive system can occur in two ways: directly by diet or indirectly into the gastrointestinal tract through the expulsion of particles removed from the lungs via mucociliary transport [127,128,129,130]
PM includes a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in air, and these particles can vary in size, shape, and chemical composition
Summary
Airpollution pollutionresults resultsfrom fromintroducing introducingvarious variouscontaminants contaminantsinto intothe theatmosphere atmospherethat that are likely to be detrimental to humans, other living organisms, and the natural are likely to be detrimental to humans, other living organisms, and the naturalenvironenvironment ment[1]. PM of originates from outdoor sources, including natural ones In 2012, Canada established the Residential Indoor Air Quality Guidelines, which state that PM2.5 needs to be monitored, with a limit of 100 μg/m3 as a 1 h average (Short-Term Exposure) and. The World Health Organization recommended to apply to indoor spaces the same PM guidelines as for ambient air, Int. J. The indoor PM originates from outdoor sources, including natural ones (forest fires, soil dust, and sea salt) and anthropogenic ones (transport, oil combustion, and coal burning in power plants) [2,31]. The automatic monitoring methods of PM2.5 ambient air quality are the β-ray method and micro-oscillatory balance method.
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